Parameter | Common Range/Type | Typical Example | Function Description |
Bonded Phase Type | C18, C8, C4, Phenyl, Cyano (CN), Polar Embedded Phase | C18 (most common), C8 (moderate hydrophobic) | Determines hydrophobic interaction strength. C18 has the strongest hydrophobicity, C8 suits moderate retention, phenyl enhances π-π interaction. |
Particle Size (μm) | 3-10 (analytical grade), 50-100 (industrial grade) | 3μm (high efficiency), 5μm (general), 50μm (preparative) | Smaller particle size increases column efficiency but requires higher pressure; industrial-grade large particle size withstands high pressure, suitable for large-scale purification. |
Pore Size (Å) | 100-300 (silica matrix) | 120Å (small molecules), 300Å (macromolecules) | Pore size ≥ 3 times target molecule diameter ensures mass transfer efficiency; 120Å fits <5kDa molecules, 300Å for antibodies, etc. |
Specific Surface Area (m²/g) | 150-500 | C18: 220m²/g, C8: 170m²/g | Larger surface area increases stationary phase loading and retention capacity. |
Carbon Load (%) | 6.5-18 | C18: 11-17%, C8: 6.5-10% | Carbon chain length and bonding rate determine hydrophobic retention capacity; C18 usually has higher carbon load than C8. |
Endcapping | Yes/No (e.g., TMS endcapping, polar embedding) | C18 often uses trimethylsilyl endcapping | Reduces secondary interactions of silanol groups, improves peak shape for basic compounds; polar embedding enhances specific selectivity. |
Maximum Operating Pressure | 6000-15000 psi (UHPLC) | Conventional HPLC: 6000 psi, UHPLC: 12000 psi | Particle size and packing stability determine pressure tolerance; smaller particle size requires higher pressure. |
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